Featured Publications

Our research group consistently publishes findings in acclaimed journals such as Physical Review B. The following selection consists of the most recent findings in ultracold plasma physics

Arrested Relaxation in Ultracold Plasma

Possible Many-Body Localization in Ultracold Plasma

An optogalvanic gas sensor for nitric oxide based on Rydberg excitations


Selected Publications

  1. Quantum disordered dynamics in a long-lived finite-temperature ultracold quasi-neutral molecular plasma, J. Sous and E. R. Grant, Phys Rev Lett, in press. arXiv: 1708.07200.
  2. Determination of thiabendazole in orange juice using an MISPE-SERS chemosensor., Jingyi Feng, Yaxi Hu, Edward Grant, Xiaonan Lu Food Chemistry 239. 816-822 (2018).
  3. Role of PTFE Paste Fibrillation on Poisson’s ratio, Dimitrios Vavlekas, Mahmoud Ansari, Jessica L McCoy, Flavien Fremy, Edward Grant, Luke Melo and Savvas Hatzikiriakos, Polymer Testing 61, 65-73 (2017).
  4. Arrested relaxation in an isolated molecular ultracold plasma, R. Haenel, M. Schulz-Weiling, J. Sous, H. Sadeghi, M. Aghigh, L. Melo, J.S. Keller, E.R. Grant, Phys Rev A 96, 23613 (2017)
  5. Multivariate analysis of hemicelluloses in bleached Kraft pulp by infrared spectroscopy, Z. Chen, T. Hu, H. F. Jang, E. R. Grant, Appl. Spect. 70,1981-1993 (2016).
  6. On the evolution of the phase-space distributions of a non-spherical molecular ultracold plasma in supersonic beam, M. Schulz-Weiling H. Sadeghi, J. Hung and E. R. Grant, J Phys B, 49 193001 (2016).
  7. Quantum state control of ultracold plasma fission, M. Schulz-Weiling and E. R. Grant, J Phys B, 49 064009 (2016).
  8. Determination of Sudan I in paprika powder by molecularly imprinted polymers-thin layer chromatography-surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic biosensor, F. Gao, Y. Hu, D. Chen, E.C.Y. Li-Chan, E. R. Grant, X. Lu, Tantala 143 344-352 (2015).
  9. Modification of xylan in alkaline treated bleached hardwood kraft pulps as classified by attenuated total-internal-reflection (AIR) FTIR spectroscopy, Z. Chen, T. Q. Hu, H.-F. Jang, and E. R. Grant, Carbohydrate Polymers 127, 418-426 (2015)
  10. Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Ultracold Plasma Formed in a Supersonic Molecular Beam, M. Schulz-Weiling and E. R. Grant, Proc. 11th International Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas, Yukihiro Soga, Ed., AIP Conf. Proc. 1668, 050002 (2015).
  11. Wide-Field Confocal Interferometric Backscattering (iSCAT)-Raman Microscopy, A. Christy, N. Tavassoli, A. Bain, L. Melo and E. R. Grant, Proc. Optical Society of America Biomedical Optics & Photonics Congress: Optics in the Life Sciences, Vancouver, April, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/NTM.2015.NM4C.4
  12. Fabrication of SERS-active substrates using silver nanofilm-coated porous anodic aluminum oxide for detection of antibiotics, J. Chen, S. Feng, F. Gao, E. R. Grant, J. Xu, Q. Huang, X. Lu, Journal of Food Science 80, N834-N840 (2015).
  13. Dynamics of colliding ultracold plasmas, J. P. Morrison and E. R. Grant, Phys. Rev. A 91, 023423 (2015).
  14. Detection of melamine in milk using a molecularly imprinted polymers-surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic biosensor, Y. Hu, S. Feng, F. Gao, E. Li-Chan, E. R. Grant, X. Lu, Food Chem. 176, 123-129 (2015).
  15. Template-oriented genetic algorithm (TOGA) feature selection of analyte wavelets in the Raman spectrum of a complex mixture, N. Tavassoli, Z. Chen, D. Chen and E. R. Grant, Anal. Chem. 86, 10591-10599 (2014).
  16. Obituary for Moshe Shapiro, E. R. Grant, J. Phys. B. 47, 070402 (2014).
  17. Detection and quantification of chloramphenicol in milk and honey using molecularly imprinted polymers-Canadian penny based SERS nano-biosensor, F. Gao, S. Feng, Z. Chen, E. Li-Chan, E. R. Grant, X. Lu, J. Food Sci. 79, N2542-N2549 (2014).
  18. Evolution from Rydberg gas to ultracold plasma in a supersonic atomic beam of Xe, J. Hung, H. Sadeghi, M. Schulz-Weiling and E. R. Grant, J Phys B, 47 155301 (2014).
  19. Multivariate classification of pulp NIR spectra for end-product properties using discrete wavelet transform with orthogonal signal correction, N. Tavassoli, W. Tsai, P. Bicho and E. R. Grant, Analytical Methods 6, 8906-8914 (2014).
  20. Dissociation and the development of spatial correlation in a molecular ultracold plasma, H. Sadeghi, A. Kruyen, J. Hung, J. H. Gurian, J. P. Morrison, M. Schulz-Weiling, N. Saquet, C. J. Rennick, and E. R. Grant, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 075001 (2014).
  21. Determination of α-Tocopherol in Vegetable Oils Using a Molecularly Imprinted Polymers–Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Biosensor, Shaolong Feng, Fang Gao, Zhiwen Chen, Edward Grant, David D. Kitts, Shuo Wang, and Xiaonan Lu, J. Agric. Food Chem., 61 10467–10475 (2013)
  22. Evaluating the Validity of Spectral Calibration Models for Quantitative Analysis following Signal Preprocessing, D. Chen and E. R. Grant, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 404, 2317-2327 (2012).
  23. Dissociative recombination slows the expansion of a molecular ultracold plasma, H. Sadeghi and E. R. Grant, Phys. Rev. A 86, 052701 (2012).
  24. Recombinative dissociation and the evolution of a molecular ultracold plasma, N. Saquet, J. P. Morrison and E. R. Grant, J. Phys. B. 45, 175302 (2012).
  25. The np Rydberg series of boron monohydride: l-uncoupling and Rydberg electron interactions with the rovibrational motion of the ion core, C. R. Viteri A. Gilkison and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys., 136, 214312 (2012).
  26. The np Rydberg series of boron monohydride: l-uncoupling and its evolution for intermediate principal quantum numbers n=4 to n=11, C. R. Viteri and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys., 136, 214311 (2012).
  27. Classical scaling and the correspondence between coupled rate equation and molecular dynamics models for the evolution to ultracold neutral plasma, J. P Morrison, N. Saquet and E. R. Grant, J. Phys B 45, 025701 (2012).
  28. Adaptive multiscale regression for reliable Raman Quantitative Analysis, D. Chen Z. Chen and E. R. Grant, Analyst 137, 237-244 (2012).
  29. Rapid Determination of Metabolites in Bio-fluid Samples by Raman Spectroscopy and Optimum Combinations of Chemometric Methods, X. Bian, D. Chen, W. Cai, E.R. Grant, X. Shao, Chinese Journal of Chemistry 29, 2525-2532 (2011).
  30. Molecular ion-electron recombination in an expanding ultracold neutral plasma of NO+, H. Sadeghi, M. Schulz-Weiling, J. P. Morrison, J.Yiu, N. Saquet, C. J. Rennick and E. R. Grant, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 13, 18872 (2011).
  31. On the formation and decay of a molecular ultracold plasma, N. Saquet, J. P. Morrison, M. Schulz-Weiling, H. Sadeghi, J.Yiu, C. J. Rennick and E. R. Grant, J. Phys. B 44, 184015 (2011).
  32. Dissociative recombination and the decay of a molecular ultracold plasma, C. J. Rennick, N. Saquet, J. P. Morrison, J. Ortega-Arroyo, P. Godin, L. Fu, M. Schulz-Weiling and E. R. Grant, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 300, 012005 (2011).
  33. The Prospect of Raman Spectroscopy as a Gauge for Process Analysis / Process Control in Pulp and Paper Production, D. Chen, T. Trung, H.-F. Jang, D. W. Francis, and E. R. Grant, Proc. Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) Pulping, Engineering, Environmental, Recycling and Sustainability (PEERS) Conference, Norfolk, VA, October, 2010, 10EPE39.
  34. High-Throughput Prediction of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Paper from Raman Chemometric Analysis of Pulp Fibres, D. Chen, T. Trung, H.-F. Jang, D. W. Francis, and E. R. Grant, Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, 2100-2113 (2011).
  35. Adaptive wavelet transform suppresses background and noise for quantitative analysis by Raman spectroscopy, D. Chen, Z. Chen and E. R. Grant, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 400, 625-634 (2011).
  36. Detecting Influential Observations by Cluster Analysis and Monte Carlo Cross Validation, X. Bian, W. Cai, X. Shao, D. Chen, E. R. Grant, Analyst 135, 2841-2847 (2010).
  37. Charge, density and electron temperature in a molecular ultracold plasma, C. J. Rennick, J. P. Morrison, J. Ortega-Arroyo, P. J. Godin, N. Saquet and E. R. Grant, arXiv, 0911:0466 (2010).
  38. The very slow expansion of an ultracold plasma formed in a seeded supersonic molecular beam of NO, J. P. Morrison, C. J. Rennick, and E. R. Grant, Phys. Rev. A 79, 062706 (2009).
  39. Evolution from a molecular Rydberg gas to an ultracold plasma in a seeded supersonic expansion of NO, J. P. Morrison, C. J. Rennick, J. S. Keller and E. R. Grant, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 205005 (2008).
  40. A switching rule for plastics identification in electronics recycling, J. A. Williams, X. Qu, P. Rios, J. Wieland and E. R. Grant, Intl. J. Computer Integrated Manufacturing 21, 730-743 (2008), available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09511920701551782.
  41. Monitoring of Mannitol Phase Behavior during Freeze-Drying Using Non-Invasive Raman Spectroscopy, S.Romero-Torres, H. Wikström, E. R. Grant and L. S. Taylor, PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 61, 131-145 (2007).
  42. Discrete-continuum and discrete-discrete interactions in the autoionization spectra of 11BH, C. R. Viteri, A. T. Gilkison, F. S. Schröder and E. R. Grant, J. Mol. Phys. 105, 1589 - 1602 (2007).
  43. Dynamics of dissociative recombination and electron loss in single rovibronic resonances of 11BH, C. R. Viteri, A. T. Gilkison and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 126, 084301 (2007).
  44. Isolated core excitation of 11BH: Photoabsorption in competition with Rydberg predissociation, C. R. Viteri and A. T. Gilkison, S. J. Rixon and E. R. Grant, Phys. Rev A 75 013410/1-7 (2007).
  45. On-line content uniformity determination of tablets using low-resolution Raman spectroscopy, H. Wikström, S. Romero-Torres, S. Wongweragiat, J. A. Stuart-Williams, E. R. Grant and L. S. Taylor, Appl. Spectros. 60, 672-682 (2006).
  46. Plastic Separation Planning for End-of-Life Electronics, J. A. Stuart-Williams, E. R. Grant, P. Rios, L. Blyer, L. Tieman, L. Twining, W. Bonawi-Tan, M. Madden and N. R. Meyer Guthrie, IEEE Transactions on Electronic Packaging Manufacturing 29 110-118 (2006).
  47. Tablet Coating Thickness Quantification by Raman Spectroscopy and Morphological Film Defect Studies in the Presence of Strong Fluorescent Interference S. Romero-Torres, J. D. Pérez-Ramos, K. R. Morris and E. R. Grant, J. Pharmaceut. and Biomed. Anal. 41, 811-819 (2006).
  48. Rovibrational characterization of X 2+ 11BH+ by the extrapolation of photoselected high-Rydberg series in 11BH, C. Ricardo Viteri and A. T. Gilkison, S. J. Rixon and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 144312 (2006).
  49. Viable Plastics Recycling from End-of-Life Electronics, X. Qu, J. A. Stuart-Williams, and E. R. Grant, IEEE Transactions on Electronic Packaging Manufacturing 29 25-31 (2006).
  50. Kr (n = 5 – 10 , s,d,g) electronic wave packets: Electron time-of-flight resolution and the ac-Stark shift during wave-packet preparation, S, Gilb, V. Nestorov, S. R. Leone, J. C. Keske, L. Nugent-Glandorf, E. R. Grant, Phys. Rev. A 71, 042709 (2005).
  51. Raman Spectroscopic Measurement of Tablet-to-Tablet Coating Variability, S. Romero-Torres, J. D. Pérez-Ramos, K. R. Morris and E. R. Grant J. Pharmaceut. and Biomed. Anal. 38, 270-274 (2005).
  52. Spectroscopic experiments on autoionization and neutral fragmentation in the high-Rydberg states of BH, A. T. Gilkison, C. R. Viteri and E. R. Grant, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 4 261–266 (2005).
  53. Higher vibrationally excited levels of the 3p 2 Rydberg state of HCO, K. Prentice, R. Nicodemus, B. Rajaram and E. R. Grant, J. Phys. Chem A 108, 10010-10018 (2004).
  54. State-Selective Production of Vibrationally Excited NO2+ by Double-Resonant Photoionization, P. Bell, F. Aguirre, E. R. Grant and S. T. Pratt, J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 9645-9651 (2004).
  55. Toward the Comprehensive Spectrochemical Imaging of Painted Works of Art: A New Instrumental Approach, T. L. Weis and E. R. Grant, J. Raman Spectrosc. 35, 813-818 (2004).
  56. A New Instrument Adapted to In Situ Raman Analysis of Objects of Art, P. Vandenabeele, T.L. Weiss, E.R. Grant and L.J. Moens, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chem. 379, 137-142 (2004).
  57. Coupling of electron orbital motion with rotation in the high Rydberg states of BH, A. T. Gilkison, C. R. Viteri and E. R. Grant, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 173005 (2004).
  58. Mode-Dependent Vibrational Autoionization of NO2 II. Comparing the Symmetric Stretching and the Bending Vibrations, P. Bell, F. Aguirre, E. R. Grant and S. T. Pratt, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 2667 (2004).
  59. Plastics disassembly versus bulk recycling: engineering design for end-of-life electronics resource recovery, P. Rios, J. A. Stuart, E. R. Grant, Environmental Science and Technology 37, 5463 (2003).
  60. A symbolic methodology to improve disassembly process design, P. Rios, L. Blyler, L. Tieman, J. A. Stuart, E. R. Grant, Environmental Science and Technology 37, 5417 (2003).
  61. Plastics Separation Planning Enhancements from New Laser Identification Technology and Work Measurement Analysis, L. Blyler, L. Duplaga, L. Tieman, N. Meyer, E. Grant, and J. A. Stuart, Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, (Boston, MA, May 19-21, 2003) pp. 105-110.
  62. A Symbolic Methodology to Improve Manual Disassembly Economics, P. Rios, L. Blyler, L. Duplaga, L. Tieman, N. Meyer, J. A. Stuart, E. Grant, Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, (Boston, MA, May 19-21, 2003) pp. 341-346.
  63. Towards a Sustainable Plastics Supply, P. Rios, J. A. Stuart, and E. R. Grant. Platform presentation, Proc. Int. Soc. for Industrial Ecology, Ann Arbor, MI, June 29, 2003 (refereed).
  64. Mode-Dependent Vibrational Autoionization of NO2, P. Bell, F. Aguirre, E. R. Grant and S. T. Pratt, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 10146 (2003).
  65. Development of a Universal Plastic Resin Composition Sensor for Whole Parts and Reground Mixtures, E. R. Grant, Proc. Recycling Laws International, Take It Back! 2002 Conference, Las Vegas, NV, March, 2002.
  66. Laser-assisted (1+1')-photon ionization-detected absorption spectrum of the 3p 2 state of HCO and DCO, R. J. Foltynowicz, J. D. Robinson, K. Prentice, P. Bell and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 8384 (2002).
  67. Bend-Stretch Fermi Resonance in DCO+, J. D. Robinson, R. J. Foltynowicz, K. Prentice, P. Bell and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 2370 (2002).
  68. Ultrafast Time-Resolved Soft X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Dissociating Br2, L. Nugent-Glandorf, M. Scheer, D. A. Samuels, A. M. Mulhisen, E. R. Grant, X. Yang, V. M. Bierbaum and S. R. Leone, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 193001-4 (2001)
  69. Factory Floor Chemical Analysis of Glass and Glass Composites: A Point-and-shoot Molecular Bar-code Reader, Y. Jiang, A. E. Grant, R. Trice and E. R. Grant, Proc. 7th International Conference on Architectural and Automotive Glass, Tampare, Finland, June, 2001, pp 592-596.
  70. The A 1 -- X 1+ (2,0) Transition in 11BH and 10BH Observed by (1+2)-Photon Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Spectroscopy, J. Clark, M. Konopka, L.-M. Zhang and E. R. Grant, Chem. Phys. Lett. 340, 45 (2001).
  71. An experimental measure of anharmonicity in the bending of DCO+, R. J. Foltynowicz, J. D. Robinson and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 878 (2001).
  72. Double-resonant photoionization efficiency (DR/PIE) spectroscopy: A precise determination of the adiabatic ionization potential of DCO, R. J. Foltynowicz, J. D. Robinson and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 114, 5224 (2001).
  73. Use of Raman Spectroscopy to Identify Automotive Polymers in Recycling Operations S. Kumar, C. M. Duranceau and E. R. Grant, in Environmental Concepts for the Automotive Industry, E. Cobas-Flores, and A. Haber, eds. (SAE Press, Warrendale, PA, 2000) pp. 143-150
  74. Double-Resonance Spectroscopy of the High Rydberg States of HCO V. Rovibronic Interactions and l-Uncoupling in the (010) Manifold, E. J. Zückerman, E. E. Mayer, R. J. Foltynowicz, J. D. Robinson, M. Knopka, S. H. Jen, I.-C Chen, H. G. Hedderich and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 113, 5372 (2000).
  75. Double-Resonance Spectroscopy of the High Rydberg States of HCO IV. Vibrational Autoionization Dynamics as a Function of Bending Amplitude, J. D. Robinson, R. J. Foltynowicz and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 1679-1684 (2000).
  76. Experimental Characterization of the Higher Vibrationally Excited States of HCO+: Determination of 2, x22, g22 and B[030], R. J. Foltynowicz, J. D. Robinson, E. J. Zückerman, H. G. Hedderich and E. R. Grant, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 199, 147-157 (2000).
  77. A characterization of vibrationally and electronically excited NO2+ by high-resolution threshold photoionization spectroscopy, G. K. Jarvis, Y. Song, C. Y. Ng and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 111, 9568 (1999).
  78. Photoionization Spectrum of the B 2A' State of HCO, R. J. Foltynowicz, W. Rupp, H. G. Hedderich and E. R. Grant, Chem. Phys. Lett. 315, 210-216 (1999).
  79. A characterization of vibrationally excited NO2+ by ZEKE high-resolution threshold photoionization spectroscopy, G. K. Jarvis, Y. Song, C. Y. Ng and E. R. Grant, Advanced Light Source Compendium (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 1999)
  80. Anomalous Intensities in ZEKE Spectra, W. A. Chupka and E. R. Grant, J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 6127 (1999)
  81. On the high Rydberg states of the formyl radical and the dynamics of vibrational autoionization in triatomic molecules, E. R. Grant in, The Role of Rydberg States in Spectroscopy and Reactivity, C. Sandorfy, ed. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1998)
  82. Double-Resonance Spectroscopy of the High Rydberg States of HCO III. Multiple Pathways in the Vibrational Autoionization of the Bending Overtone, E. E. Mayer, H. G. Hedderich and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 8429 (1998).
  83. Double-Resonance Spectroscopy of the High Rydberg States of HCO II. Mode Specificity in the Dynamics of Vibrational Autoionization via CO-Stretch versus Bend, E. E. Mayer, H. G. Hedderich and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 1886 (1998).
  84. Development of a Hand-Held Laser Probe for Automotive Plastic Identification, E. R. Grant, R. L. Pomerleau and A. J. Brooks, Proc. 4th Annual Recycling Conference (Society of Plastics Engineers, Palatine, IL, 1997) p 63.
  85. I Believe I Will Go Out of This Class Actually Knowing Something: Cooperative Learning Activities in Physical Chemistry, Marcy Hamby Towns and Edward R. Grant, J. Res. Sci. Teach. 34, 819 (1997).
  86. State-to-state dynamics in the high Rydberg states of polyatomic molecules, E. E. Mayer, H. Hedderich and E. R. Grant, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 355, 1569 (1997).
  87. State-To-State Dynamics in the High Rydberg States of Polyatomic Molecules: Discussion, Cossart-Magos, C.; Grant, E. R.; Duxbury, G.; Donovan, R. J. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 355, 1582-1583 (1997).
  88. Photoselection and the appearance of Franck-Condon-forbidden thresholds in the ZEKE spectrum of NO2, Hiroshi Matsui, Jane M. Behm and Edward R. Grant, J. Phys. Chem. 101, 6717 (1997).
  89. Bend-Stretch Fermi Resonance in NO2Determined by High-Resolution Threshold Photoionization Spectroscopy, Hiroshi Matsui, Jane M. Behm and Edward R. Grant, Intl. J. Mass. Spec. and Ion Proc. 159 37 (1996).
  90. Fermi resonance and mode specificity in the vibrational autoionization of NO2, H. Matsui and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 104, 42 (1996).
  91. Double-resonance spectroscopy of the high Rydberg states of HCO I: A precise determination of the adiabatic ionization potential, E. E. Mayer and E. R. Grant, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 10513 (1995).
  92. Organometallic Stability and Structure: Elementary Rates of Unimolecular Decomposition in Chromium Olefin Carbonyls, B. McNamara, M. H. Towns and E. R. Grant, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 12254 (1995).
  93. Dynamics of Electron Ejection: Fermi Resonance and Mode Specificity in the Vibrational Autoionization of NO2, H. Matsui and E. R. Grant, in Laser Techniques for State-Selected and State-to-State Chemistry III, J. W. Hepburn, ed., Proc. SPIE 2548, 24 (1995).
  94. Bend-stretch Fermi Resonance in NO2as Observed in the Two-Photon absorption Spectroscopy of the 3p 2uRydberg State of NO2, H. Matsui, E. E. Mayer and E. R. Grant, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 175, 203 (1996).
  95. High-Resolution Non-Resonant Two-Photon Threshold Photoionization of Propyne, Hiroshi Matsui, Yi-Fei Zhu, and Edward R. Grant, Laser Chemistry 16, 151 (1996).
  96. On the Shape of C6H6+, R. Lindner, K. Müller-Dethlefs, E. Wedum, K. Haber and E. R. Grant, Science 271, 1698 (1996).
  97. Two-Pathway Coherent Control of Photoelectron Angular Distributions in Molecular NO, Y.-Y. Yin , D. S. Elliott, R. Shehadeh and E. R. Grant, Chem Phys. Lett. 241, 591 (1995).
  98. Principals and Applications of Zero-Electron-Kinetic-Energy (ZEKE) Threshold Photoionization Spectroscopy, E. W. Schlag, K. Müller-Dethlefs, K. Wang, V. McKoy and E. R. Grant, Advances in Chemical Physics 90, 1 (1995).